CH3+class+notes

Organic compounds have a carbon backbone

 * ====4 major categories of bio organic compounds.====
 * lipids (fats oils wax)
 * carbohydrates (sugar, starch)
 * proteins (enzymes)
 * nucleic acids (DNA)

What are the characteristics of life?

 * 1) ====made of a cell(s)====
 * 2) ====homeostasis====
 * 3) ====grow & develop====
 * 4) ====reproduce same species - DNA====
 * 5) ====react to stimuli====
 * 6) ====metabolism (+energy - waste)====
 * 7) ====adapt to environment====

product O2 (diagram page 61 figure 3.11)

 * learn equation for both photosynthesis and respiration - BALANCED

=From Species to Ecosystems 3.4= quark electron proton/neutron nucleus atom element molecule compound organelles cell tissue organ organ system organism species population community ecosytem biome biosphere Earth solar system universe

=From Species to Ecosystem 3.4= Energy Transfer
 * from abiotic to biotic through the process of chemosynthesis or photosynthesis
 * begins with an energy source
 * producer does the biotic transformation
 * through primary productivity it makes biomass
 * transfer of this energy through organisms is a food chain
 * each step in a food chain is a trophic level.
 * A food chain shows the direction and flow of energy

__Quercus__ alba Producer --> 1oConsumer --> 2oC --> 3oC --> Autotroph Heterotroph Hetero Hetero 1st trophic Herbivore omnivore carnivore 2nd trophic 3rd trophic 4th trophi

Bioaccumulation
 * The build up of a substance in the tissues of an organism
 * The substance can not be ‘useful’, easily broken down, water soluble
 * Therefore it is a long-lived, typically fat soluble substance

Biomagnification = = =Biogeochamical cycles= Organisms need nitrogen for nucleic acids, amino acids, peptides, and proteins.
 * Is the exponential increase in a substance as you go up the food chain.
 * In order to biomagnify you must first bioaccumulate it
 * __Nitrogen Cycle__**

Atmospheric nitrogen N2 – is not bioavailable


 * Vocabulary**
 * 1) Nitrogen fixation
 * Lightening fixation – inorganic – converts to bioavailable form NH3-
 * biologic fixation – cyanobacteria, rhizobium bacteria (root nodules of legumes – beans, peas, clover)


 * 1) Ammonification
 * converting waste back to ammonia


 * 1) Nitrification
 * converting of NH3 to Nitrites and Nitrates (NO2 and NO3)
 * fertilizer by bacteria in soil


 * 1) Uptake and Assimilation
 * converting nitrates into amino acids and proteins into tissue


 * 1) Denitrification
 * returning N2 to the atmosphere by bacteria deep in anoxic soil.


 * __ Phosphorous Cycle __**
 * Unique – mineral cycle source and sink rocks
 * Use/need: cellular level to transfer energy!
 * Increase in dissolved phosphates causes increase in primary producers in aquatic environments. Major source of water pollution


 * __ Sulfur Cycle __**
 * Unique – mineral cycle – source/sink rocks
 * Use/need proteins, regulating global climate, acid precipitation
 * We release it via burning of fossil fuels and upset climate and acid balance

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