Ch+10+test+KEY

** pter 10 ** ** Farming: Conventional and Sustainable Practices **
 * [[file:KEY Chapter 10 Test.doc]]Cha **


 * Multiple Choice Questions **

2. Which of the following is the most correct definition of soil?

A. A complex of minerals that provide energy for plant growth

**__B.__** A complex mixture of organic matter, minerals and living organisms

C. A mass of dead organic matter and detritus; dirt

D. An elaborate mixture of organic matter and minerals

E. All of these adequately describe soil 3. Mineral particles in the soil are derived from

A. Underlying bedrock

B. Materials transported and deposited by glaciers

C. Materials transported and deposited by rivers

D. Materials transported and deposited by wind

**__E.__** All of these are correct 4. When compared to sand and gravel, small soil particles (clay and silt) have __pore space.__

__ A. More __

__ B. About the same __


 * C.** __Less__

__ D. Significantly more __

__ E. It depends on the other minerals that are present __

__ 5. What type of soil is sticky, elastic and impermeable? __

__ A. Sands __

__ B. Organic matter __

__ C. Living organisms __


 * D.** __Clay__

__ E. A large particle size __

__ 6. Spaces between sand particles give sandy soil __

__ A. The ability to hold water __

__ B. Low permeability to air __


 * C.** __Good drainage__

__ D. The ability to store minerals __

__ E. Low permeability to water __ __ 7. A "heavy" soil would have a high __ __content.__

__ A. Sand __

__ B. Iron __

__ C. Silt __


 * D.** __Clay__

__ E. Gravel __

__ 8. The critical organic component of soil that gives it its structure is termed __

__ A. Clay __


 * B.** __Humus__

__ C. Parent material __

__ D. Heavy soil __

__ E. Bedrock __

__ 9. Which of the following //cannot// be found in soil? __

__ A. Fungus and algae __

__ B. Algae and bacteria __

__ C. Insects and bacteria __

__ D. Insects and fungus __


 * E.** __All of these are found in soil__

__ 10. Topsoil contains predominantly __

__ A. Organic material __

__ B. Mineral material __

__ C. Plant roots __

__ D. Insoluble minerals and sand __


 * E.** __Mixed organic material and mineral particles__

__ 11. Which of the following would have nearly zero topsoil? __

__ A. Virgin prairies __


 * B.** __Deserts__

__ C. Tropical rainforests __

__ D. Tundra __

__ E. None of these is correct __

__ 12. The parent material layer of a soil is composed of weathered __

__ A. Humus __

__ B. Organic detritus and roots __

__ C. Residual aluminum and iron __

__ D. Soil __

__ 15. The stratified horizontal layers of soils are called soil __
 * E.** __Rock fragments__

__ A. Profiles __


 * B.** __Horizons__

__ C. Textures __

__ D. Types __

__ E. Classifications __ __ 16. Soil leaching involves __


 * A.** __Rainwater seeping through soil and dissolving nutrients__

__ B. The accumulation of organic matter in the uppermost soil layers __

__ C. The elimination of pore space in soil __

__ D. The microorganisms and their movements through the soil to aerate it __

__ E. All of these are correct __

__ 17. In developed countries, the most recent increases in agricultural productivity have come from __

__ A. Irrigation in arid areas __

__ B. Increased fertilization __

__ C. New crop varieties __

__ D. An increase in the land being used for agriculture __


 * E.** __Irrigation, increased fertilization and new crop varieties__

__ 18. Which of the following are //not// forms of chemical deterioration of soil? __

__ A. Salinization __


 * B.** __Waterlogging__

__ C. Nutrient depletion __

__ D. Pollution __

__ E. Acidification __ __ 20. Wind erosion is most likely to cause problems in __

__ A. Forested grazing lands on high mountains __


 * B.** __Open, arid regions__

__ C. Fertile river bottoms with annual floods __

__ D. Agricultural regions in the far north __

__ E. Protected, arid regions __

__ 21. An effective way to measure soil erosion in a region is to measure the __

__ A. Amount of dust in the air __


 * B.** __Sediment load of rivers__

__ C. Amount lost on crop fields __

__ D. Distance the dust travels __

__ E. All of these are effective ways to measure the loss __ __ 22. The efficiency of irrigation water use is __ in most countries. One of the reasons for this is __.__

__ A. High; the abundance of water __

__ B. High; the careful use of water because it is so expensive __

__ C. High; the technology to distribute the water where it is needed is available __

__ D. Low; the lack of availability of technology to distribute the water where it is needed __

__ 24. Which is the //best// cropping method for reducing erosion? __
 * E.** __Low; evaporative losses from unprotected water channeling__


 * A.** __Rotating corn, wheat and clover__

__ B. Growing corn continuously __

__ C. Growing wheat continuously __

__ D. Growing clover continuously __

__ E. None of these is more effective in reducing erosion __ __ 25. Which of the following uses the //least// amount of energy in industrialized farming practices? __

__ A. Fuel for tractors and other machines __

__ B. Production of chemical fertilizer __

__ C. Use of pesticides __


 * D.** __Drying the crops__

__ E. Transporting the crops to market __

__ 26. Waterlogging results from __

__ A. Toxic metal accumulation __


 * B.** __Excessive irrigation__

__ C. Excessive plowing __

__ D. Natural wind erosion processes __

__ E. Natural water erosion processes __ __ 27. Salinization is a common agricultural problem in what type of region? __


 * A.** __Arid__

__ B. Cold __

__ C. Tropical __

__ D. Humid __

__ E. Windy __ __ 28. Legumes are plants whose roots contain bacteria that can fix ___ and naturally fertilize the plant.

**__A.__** Nitrogen

B. Phosphorus

C. Potassium

D. Oxygen

E. All of these are correct

29. Pest organisms tend to be

A. Specialist species

**__B.__** Generalist species

C. Migratory species

D. Endemic species

E. Consumers 32. DDT accumulation in North American eagles, pelicans and other birds disrupted birds' calcium metabolism, causing

A. Infertility

**__B.__** Thin eggshells

C. Severe nerve damage

D. Adult deformities

E. All of these are correct

33. DDT is

A. Equally toxic to mammals and insects

B. Soluble only in water

**__C.__** Cheap to produce and easy to apply

D. Highly biodegradable

E. All of these are correct 34. A broad-spectrum biocide is designed to kill

A. A wide range of plants

B. Microbes that are neither plant nor animal

**__C.__** A wide range of living organisms

D. Specifically multicellular organisms

E. Specifically unicellular organisms 35. Alcohol and pickling solutions were probably widely developed because they

A. Neutralize toxins in foods

**__B.__** Preserve food due to their pesticidal properties

C. Have more interesting flavors than other solutions for seasoning

D. Are effective insecticides in the home

E. All of these are good reasons why alcohol and pickling solutions were used 36. Which of the following has been used historically to reduce agricultural pests?

A. Arsenic

B. Alcohol fermentation

C. Spices

D. Sulfur

**__E.__** All of these methods have been used as pest control

37. Which of the following usually has the //most// intensive use of pesticides?

A. A soybean field

**__B.__** A golf course

C. An average U.S. kitchen

D. A corn field

E. All of these are comparable 38. Which of the following pesticide types is extremely toxic to workers who apply them?

A. Chlorinated hydrocarbons

B. Carbamates

C. Inorganic pesticides

**__D.__** Fumigants

E. Natural organic pesticides 39. Most of the pesticides applied in the United States are used in

A. Landscaping for private homes

**__B.__** Agriculture

C. Controlling pests in private homes

D. Landscaping for both private homes and businesses

E. Controlling pests in businesses (e.g., restaurants)

40. Why is it useful to classify pesticides by their chemical structure?

A. It is easier to keep them organized by type

B. Scientists have done this for years and it would be inefficient to change it now

**__C.__** Similar chemical structures often relate to similar toxicological characteristics

D. This is how they are named and looking them up for reference is easier

E. This is how they are named and the regulations use these names

42. Inorganic pesticides are generally

**__A.__** Highly toxic and remain in the soil for a long time

B. Highly toxic and break down soon in the environment

C. Moderately toxic and remain in the soil for a long time

D. Moderately toxic and break down soon in the environment

E. Toxic to insects but safe for humans

43. Natural organic pesticides are //not//

A. Extracted from plants

B. Toxic to humans

**__C.__** Safe for all animals

D. Stable in their natural form

E. All of these are characteristics of natural organic pesticides 44. In general, microbial agents are

A. Wide spectrum agents

**__B.__** Used in place of chemical pesticides

C. Small molecules that gasify easily

D. Small molecules that penetrate rapidly into a variety of materials

E. Persistent in the soil for a long time 45. Chlorinated hydrocarbons have toxicity for sensitive organisms and remain in the soil for a ___ time.__


 * A.** __High; long__

__ B. High; short __

__ C. Low; short __

__ D. Low; long __

__ E. Medium; long __ __ 46. DDT is a __


 * A.** __Chlorinated hydrocarbon (organochloride)__

__ B. Natural organic pesticide __

__ C. Chlorinated inorganic pesticide __

__ D. Organophosphate __

__ E. Carbamate __

__ 50. Which of the following diseases //cannot// be decreased with insecticides? __

__ A. Malaria __

__ B. Sleeping sickness __


 * C.** __Bronchitis__

__ D. Yellow fever __

__ E. West Nile virus __ __ 51. In terms of agriculture, pesticides have lead to _____ for consumers.__

__ A. Lower monetary costs __

__ B. More attractive produce __

__ C. Better produce quality __

__ D. More availability of produce __

__ 52. Approximately __ percent of the pesticides we use never reach the intended target.
 * E.** __All of these are correct__

A. 15

B. 20

C. 75

D. 50

**__E.__** 90 53. Pest resurgence is part of the problem of pesticide resistance and happens when a pest organism

A. That was dormant during pesticide application becomes active and produces offspring

B. Adapts to the pesticide and produces tolerant offspring

C. Adapts to the pesticide and produces even more pesticide-tolerant offspring

**__D.__** That is tolerant to the pesticide survives and produces tolerant offspring

E. Receives a gene for pesticide tolerance through a virus infection 54. Pesticide resistance occurs when a population of pests

A. Becomes too numerous for chemicals to control

**__B.__** Genetically changes (through natural selection) and is no longer affected by the chemicals

C. Grows extremely large because of chemical misapplications

D. Is not affected by chemicals because the pesticide chemicals do not break down in the environment

E. Is completely wiped out by the pesticide chemicals 55. Can an organism be resistant to a chemical that it has never been exposed to?

**__A.__** Yes, genes for pesticide resistance can be transferred through vectors such as viruses

B. Yes, pesticide resistance does not require chemical exposure and eventually all organisms become resistant

C. Yes, the pesticide treadmill causes pesticide resistance

D. No, there is probably some exposure that we are not aware of

E. No, it is not possible for an organism be resistant to a chemical that it has never been exposed to 56. The pesticide treadmill occurs when

A. A virus transfers pesticide resistance to a new species

B. Constantly decreasing doses of pesticides are needed to control pests

C. Nontarget agricultural species are destroyed by insecticides

D. Predators of the pest species are killed by broadcast spraying

**__E.__** Constantly increasing doses of pesticides are needed to control pests 57. Pesticide resistance only occurs in __species.__

__ A. Weed __

__ B. Insect __

__ C. Plant pathogen __

__ D. Weed and insect __


 * E.** __All of these are correct__

__ 58. In the graph, which of the populations first began to show pesticide resistance? __


 * A.** __A__

__ B. B __

__ C. C __

__ D. D __

__ E. It is impossible to answer the question with the provided data __ __ 59. Looking at the graph and given what you know about pesticide resistance, what do you think will probably happen to curve "b" in the future? __

__ A. It will level off __


 * B.** __It will continue to increase__

__ C. It will decrease __

__ D. It will increase a small amount and then level off __

__ E. It is impossible to answer the question with the provided data __ __ 63. When a new pesticide is developed the best thing to do is to use it __


 * A.** __Sparingly so pests will not develop a resistance__

__ B. Widely and liberally, to knock out pests __

__ C. Widely and liberally, so pests will not develop a resistance __

__ D. Liberally then sparingly to prevent resistance and knock out pests __

__ E. Sparingly then liberally to prevent resistance and knock out pests __ __ 64. Why are pest predator populations so adversely affected by broad-spectrum pesticides? __

__ A. In general, predators are more susceptible to the pesticides __

__ B. There is less food for the predators when the pest species is destroyed __


 * C.** __Predators in higher trophic levels are more likely to be wiped out than lower trophic levels__

__ D. Broad-spectrum pesticides leave more residues than other pesticides and these kill the predators __

__ E. Predator populations are not more likely to be adversely affected __ __ 65. When pesticide residues are found in such remote areas as the St. Lawrence estuary, which of the following is probably //not// responsible? __

__ A. Bioaccumulation __

__ B. Pesticide persistence __

__ C. The grasshopper effect __

__ D. Bioaccumulation and pesticide persistence __

__ 67. Organic pollutants called __ __are showing up in many different places worldwide, far from their original source. This has led to a widespread movement to__ __.__
 * E.** __All of these could be responsible__


 * A.** __Persistent organic pollutants; ban twelve of them in developed countries__

__ B. Mobile organic pollutants; ban twelve of them worldwide __

__ C. Persistent organic pollutants; reduce the use of twelve of them __

__ D. Mobile organic pollutants; reduce the use of twelve of them __

__ E. Persistent organic pollutants; make them less persistent __ __ 68. Which of the following is a chronic effect of pesticides on humans? __

__ A. Cancer __

__ B. Fetal deformities __

__ C. Immune system problems __

__ D. Parkinson's disease __

__ 69. In developing countries, the farm workers who account for the majority of illness and death from the most toxic agricultural chemicals are usually the workers who __
 * E.** __All of these are correct__

__ A. Apply the pesticide __

__ B. Use machines to harvest grains __

__ C. Transport the chemicals __


 * D.** __Handpick fruits and vegetables__

__ E. Plow the fields because the pesticide residues are in the dust that can be inhaled __ __ 70. The scientific and legal proof of pesticide effects on humans is generally __

__ A. Obvious and quickly established __

__ B. Clear and therefore easy to put into policy __

__ C. Impossible to establish __


 * D.** __Difficult to establish__

__ E. Easy to establish __ __ 71. Behavioral changes as an alternative to current pesticide use would //not// include __

__ A. Switching from monoculture fields to mixed polyculture fields __

__ B. Rotating crops __

__ C. Flooding fields before planting __

__ D. Habitat diversification __

__ 72. Knowledge of the life cycle of an insect population enables biological controls to be used in place of current pesticide use. An example includes the use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) which affects ___ of moths and butterflies.
 * E.** __All of these are behavioral changes as alternatives to current pesticide use__

A. All stages

**__B.__** The larval stage

C. The pupa stage

D. The eggs

E. The larval and pupa stages 73. Which of the following alternative methods is //not// helpful in reducing your exposure to pesticides?

A. Accept slightly blemished fruits and vegetables

B. Purchase praying mantises and ladybugs to protect garden plants

**__C.__** Use only natural chemicals as pesticides

D. Wash aphid-infested vegetation with pure water

E. Keep wood piles away from the outside of the house 74. With respect to chemical pest controls, integrated pest management (IPM) uses

A. None

B. The maximum amount as determined by economic thresholds

C. Broad-spectrum products

**__D.__** The minimum amount necessary as a last resort

E. The maximum amount as determined by organic standards 75. In order to institute an integrated pest management program, it is necessary to

A. Have large amounts of money

B. Use large amounts of space

C. Have many different kinds of crops

D. Burn all fields to eliminate biological elements

**__E.__** Understand local plants and animals 76. What is the //main// reason a conversion from conventional agriculture to organic farming occurred in Cuba?

A. The demands of consumers

**__B.__** The collapse of the socialist bloc

C. The high rate of deaths from heavy pesticide use

D. The change to a main crop of sugarcane

E. All of these factors led to the conversion in Cuba 77. What is one method that Cubans use on a large scale to fertilize their soil?

A. They compost kitchen scraps

B. They use imported synthetic organic fertilizers

C. They use synthetic organic fertilizers produced in Cuba

D. They import organic fertilizers

**__E.__** They use humus from earthworm farms 78. Which of the following things that you can do to reduce pesticide residues in your diet is related to bioaccumulation?

A. Peel fruits and vegetables when possible

**__B.__** Trim the fat from meat, chicken and fish

C. Cook foods that you think have been exposed to chemicals

D. Ask for organically grown produce at a farmer's market

E. All of these are related to bioaccumulation 79. Contour plowing and strip farming are methods designed to

A. Prevent weed spreading

B. Improve plowing efficiency

C. Improve harvesting efficiency

**__D.__** Prevent water and soil loss

E. Make farms more attractive 80. Which of the following is the //best// way to ensure soil health?

A. Maintaining clean, open ground between rows

**__B.__** Strip farming and leaving residues on fields after harvest

C. Clearing fields immediately after harvesting

D. Establishing ridges running up and down hills

E. All of these are good practices in ensuring soil health 81. Which of these is //not// a benefit found with reduced tillage farming?

A. Water conservation

B. Soil preservation

C. Increased crop yields

D. Soil aeration

**__E.__** Decreased insects and weeds 82. One of the drawbacks of leaving crop residues on a field after harvest is increased

A. Cost due to the high cost of fertilizers

**__B.__** Pest and disease problems

C. Salinization

D. Energy use of machinery

E. Wind erosion 83. The benefits of leaving crop residues on a field after harvest include

A. Protecting soil organisms

B. Reducing evaporation

C. Breaking the erosive effects of wind and water

**__D.__** All of these are correct

84. Another word for cover crops is

A. Mulch

B. Strip farming

**__C.__** Green manure

D. Shade planting

E. All of these are correct

85. Annual row crops such as __cause the highest erosion rates because__ ___.__

__ A. Corn and coffee; they use so many nutrients __

__ B. Wheat and coffee; they need so much water __

__ C. Tea and beans; plowing in the fall is required for planting of these annual spring crops __

__ D. Beans and coffee; trees are usually cut down for the fields __


 * E.__** Corn and beans; soil is left bare for the majority of the year